Ecgberht Iii (le Grand) DE WESSEX

Ecgberht Iii (le Grand) DE WESSEX

  • Né en 775
  • Décédé en 839
  • Roi de Wessex
↗ Partager
Facebook WhatsApp X E-mail

Parents

Parents inconnus.

Union(s) et enfant(s)

Événements

775 :
Naissance
839 :
Décès
Inhumé à Winchester Cathedral

Notes

<p style="text-align: left;" dir="ltr">Note sur le mari: Egbert + * de WESSEX</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Egbert (also spelled Ecgberht or Ecgbriht) was King of Wessex from 802 until 839. His father was Ealhmund of Kent.</span> Egbert (&eacute;galement orthographi&eacute; Ecgberht ou Ecgbriht) &eacute;tait le roi du Wessex de 802 &agrave; 839. Son p&egrave;re &eacute;tait Ealhmund de Kent.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne.</span> Dans les ann&eacute;es 780, Egbert est contraint &agrave; l'exil par Offa de Mercie et Beorhtric de Wessex, mais &agrave; la mort de Beorhtric en 802, Egbert revient et prend le tr&ocirc;ne.</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Little is known of the first 20 years of Egbert's reign, but it is thought that he was able to maintain Wessex's independence against the kingdom of Mercia, which at that time dominated the other southern English kingdoms.</span> On sait peu de choses sur les 20 premi&egrave;res ann&eacute;es du r&egrave;gne d'Egbert, mais on pense qu'il a pu maintenir l'ind&eacute;pendance du Wessex contre le royaume de Mercie, qui &agrave; cette &eacute;poque dominait les autres royaumes du sud de l'Angleterre.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 825 Egbert defeated Beornwulf of Mercia and ended Mercia's supremacy at the Battle of Ellandun, and proceeded to take control of the Mercian dependencies in southeastern England.</span> En 825, Egbert a vaincu Beornwulf de Mercie et a mis fin &agrave; la supr&eacute;matie de Mercie &agrave; la bataille d'Ellandun, et a pris le contr&ocirc;le des d&eacute;pendances merciennes dans le sud-est de l'Angleterre.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 829 Egbert defeated Wiglaf of Mercia and drove him out of his kingdom, temporarily ruling Mercia directly.</span> En 829, Egbert a vaincu Wiglaf de Mercie et l'a chass&eacute; de son royaume, gouvernant temporairement Mercie directement.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Later that year Egbert received the submission of the Northumbrian king at Dore, near Sheffield.</span> Plus tard cette ann&eacute;e, Egbert a re&ccedil;u la soumission du roi de Northumbrie &agrave; Dore, pr&egrave;s de Sheffield.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle subsequently described Egbert as a bretwalda, or "Ruler of Britain."</span> La Chronique anglo-saxonne a ensuite d&eacute;crit Egbert comme une bretwalda, ou &laquo;souverain de Grande-Bretagne&raquo;.</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Egbert was unable to maintain this dominant position, and within a year Wiglaf regained the throne of Mercia.</span> Egbert n'a pas &eacute;t&eacute; en mesure de maintenir cette position dominante et en un an, Wiglaf a regagn&eacute; le tr&ocirc;ne de Mercie.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, Wessex did retain control of Kent, Sussex and Surrey;</span> Cependant, Wessex a conserv&eacute; le contr&ocirc;le de Kent, Sussex et Surrey;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">these territories were given to Egbert's son &AElig;thelwulf to rule as a subking under Egbert.</span> ces territoires ont &eacute;t&eacute; donn&eacute;s au fils d'Egbert &AElig;thelwulf pour r&eacute;gner en tant que subking sous Egbert.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When Egbert died in 839, &AElig;thelwulf succeeded him;</span> &Agrave; la mort d'Egbert en 839, &AElig;thelwulf lui succ&eacute;da;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">the southeastern kingdoms were finally absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex after &AElig;thelwulf's death in 858.</span> les royaumes du sud-est ont finalement &eacute;t&eacute; absorb&eacute;s par le royaume du Wessex apr&egrave;s la mort d'&AElig;thelwulf en 858.</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The earliest version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Parker Chronicle, begins with a genealogical preface tracing the ancestry of Egbert's son &AElig;thelwulf back through Egbert, Ealhmund (thought to be Ealhmund of Kent), and the otherwise unknown Eoppa and Eafa to Ingild, brother of king Ine of Wessex, who abdicated the throne in 726. It continues back to Cerdic, founder of the House of Wessex.[1]</span> La premi&egrave;re version de la Chronique anglo-saxonne, la Chronique Parker, commence par une pr&eacute;face g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique retra&ccedil;ant l'ascendance du fils d'Egbert &AElig;thelwulf en passant par Egbert, Ealhmund (que l'on pense &ecirc;tre Ealhmund de Kent), et les Eoppa et Eafa autrement inconnus d'Ingild, fr&egrave;re du roi Ine de Wessex, qui a abdiqu&eacute; le tr&ocirc;ne en 726. Il continue &agrave; Cerdic, fondateur de la maison de Wessex. [1]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Egbert was born around 769 or 771. He is reputed to have had a half-sister Alburga, later to be recognized as a saint for her founding of Wilton Abbey.</span> Egbert est n&eacute; vers 769 ou 771. Il est r&eacute;put&eacute; avoir eu une demi-s&oelig;ur Alburga, plus tard pour &ecirc;tre reconnue comme une sainte pour sa fondation de Wilton Abbey.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">She was married to Wulfstan, ealdorman of Wiltshire, and on his death in 802 she became a nun, Abbess of Wilton Abbey.[2]</span> Elle &eacute;tait mari&eacute;e &agrave; Wulfstan, ancien gardien du Wiltshire, et &agrave; sa mort en 802, elle devint religieuse, abbesse de Wilton Abbey. [2]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The only source naming the wife of Egbert is a later medieval manuscript at Trinity College, Oxford, which relates that Egbert married Redburga, regis Francorum sororia, thought to indicate sister, sister-in law or niece of the Frankish Emperor.[3]</span> La seule source nommant l'&eacute;pouse d'Egbert est un manuscrit m&eacute;di&eacute;val post&eacute;rieur au Trinity College d'Oxford, qui raconte qu'Egbert a &eacute;pous&eacute; Redburga, regis Francorum sororia, cens&eacute; indiquer la s&oelig;ur, la belle-s&oelig;ur ou la ni&egrave;ce de l'empereur franc. [3]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This seems consistent with Egbert's strong ties to the Frankish royal court and his exile there, but lacks contemporary support.</span> Cela semble coh&eacute;rent avec les liens &eacute;troits d'Egbert avec la cour royale franque et son exil, mais manque de soutien contemporain.</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The number of Egbert's children is uncertain.</span> Le nombre d'enfants d'Egbert est incertain.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">&AElig;thelwulf, who succeeded Egbert, having governed as Subregulus of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex, was his son.</span> &AElig;thelwulf, qui succ&eacute;da &agrave; Egbert, ayant gouvern&eacute; en tant que sous-r&eacute;gule de Kent, Essex, Surrey et Sussex, &eacute;tait son fils.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (eg the Worcester and Laud Chronicles) call &AElig;thelstan Egbert's son, but the Parker Chronicle shows &AElig;thelstan as son of &AElig;thelwulf and hence Egbert's grandson, and this reconstruction is generally preferred.[4]</span> Certaines versions de la Chronique anglo-saxonne (par exemple les chroniques Worcester et Laud) appellent le fils de &AElig;thelstan Egbert, mais la Parker Chronicle montre &AElig;thelstan comme le fils de &AElig;thelwulf et donc du petit-fils d'Egbert, et cette reconstruction est g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement pr&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute;e. [4]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A number of writers after the Norman Conquest make Saint Edith (Eadgyth) of Polesworth a daughter of Egbert, but this is doubtful.[5]</span> Un certain nombre d'&eacute;crivains apr&egrave;s la conqu&ecirc;te normande font de Saint Edith (Eadgyth) de Polesworth une fille d'Egbert, mais cela est douteux. [5]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">[edit] Political context and early lifeOffa of Mercia, who reigned from 757 to 796, was the dominant force in Anglo-Saxon England in the second half of the eighth century.</span> [modifier] Contexte politique et d&eacute;but de la vie L'Offa de Mercie, qui r&eacute;gna de 757 &agrave; 796, fut la force dominante en Angleterre anglo-saxonne dans la seconde moiti&eacute; du VIIIe si&egrave;cle.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The relationship between Offa and Cynewulf, who was king of Wessex from 757 to 786, is not well documented, but it seems likely that Cynewulf maintained some independence from Mercian overlordship.</span> La relation entre Offa et Cynewulf, qui fut le roi du Wessex de 757 &agrave; 786, n'est pas bien document&eacute;e, mais il semble probable que Cynewulf ait conserv&eacute; une certaine ind&eacute;pendance vis-&agrave;-vis de la suzerainet&eacute; mercienne.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Evidence of the relationship between kings can come from charters, which were documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen, and which were witnessed by the kings who had power to grant the land.</span> La preuve de la relation entre les rois peut provenir de chartes, qui &eacute;taient des documents qui accordaient des terres &agrave; des fid&egrave;les ou &agrave; des membres d'&eacute;glise, et dont t&eacute;moignaient les rois qui avaient le pouvoir d'accorder des terres.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In some cases a king will appear on a charter as a subregulus, or "subking", making it clear that he has an overlord.[6][7]</span> Dans certains cas, un roi appara&icirc;tra sur une charte en tant que sous-r&eacute;gule, ou "subking", indiquant clairement qu'il a un suzerain. [6] [7]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Cynewulf appears as "King of the West Saxons" on a charter of Offa's in 772;[8] and he was defeated by Offa in battle in 779 at Bensington, but there is nothing else to suggest Cynewulf was not his own master, and he is not known to have acknowledged Offa as overlord.[9]</span> Cynewulf appara&icirc;t comme "Roi des Saxons de l'Ouest" sur une charte d'Offa en 772 [8] et il a &eacute;t&eacute; vaincu par Offa au combat en 779 &agrave; Bensington, mais il n'y a rien d'autre pour sugg&eacute;rer que Cynewulf n'&eacute;tait pas son propre ma&icirc;tre, et il n'est pas connu pour avoir reconnu Offa comme seigneur. [9]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Offa did have influence in the southeast of the country: a charter of 764 shows him in the company of Heahberht of Kent, suggesting that Offa's influence helped place Heahberht on the throne.[10]</span> Offa a eu une influence dans le sud-est du pays: une charte de 764 le montre en compagnie de Heahberht of Kent, sugg&eacute;rant que l'influence d'Offa a aid&eacute; &agrave; placer Heahberht sur le tr&ocirc;ne. [10]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The extent of Offa's control of Kent between 765 and 776 is a matter of debate amongst historians, but from 776 until about 784 it appears that the Kentish kings had substantial independence from Mercia.[10][11]</span> L'&eacute;tendue du contr&ocirc;le d'Offa sur Kent entre 765 et 776 est un sujet de d&eacute;bat parmi les historiens, mais de 776 jusqu'&agrave; environ 784, il semble que les rois de Kent aient eu une ind&eacute;pendance substantielle par rapport &agrave; Mercia. [10] [11]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another Egbert, Egbert II of Kent, ruled in that kingdom throughout the 770s;</span> Un autre Egbert, Egbert II de Kent, a r&eacute;gn&eacute; dans ce royaume tout au long des ann&eacute;es 770;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">he is last mentioned in 779, in a charter granting land at Rochester.[10]</span> il est mentionn&eacute; pour la derni&egrave;re fois en 779, dans une charte accordant un terrain &agrave; Rochester. [10]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 784 a new king of Kent, Ealhmund, appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.</span> En 784, un nouveau roi du Kent, Ealhmund, appara&icirc;t dans la Chronique anglo-saxonne.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to a note in the margin, "this king Ealhmund was Egbert's father [ie Egbert of Wessex], Egbert was &AElig;thelwulf's father."</span> Selon une note en marge, &laquo;ce roi Ealhmund &eacute;tait le p&egrave;re d'Egbert [c'est-&agrave;-dire Egbert de Wessex], Egbert &eacute;tait le p&egrave;re de&laquo; Thelwulf &raquo;.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is supported by the genealogical preface from the A text of the Chronicle, which gives Egbert's father's name as Ealhmund without further details.</span> Ceci est soutenu par la pr&eacute;face g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique du texte A de la Chronique, qui donne le nom du p&egrave;re d'Egbert comme Ealhmund sans plus de d&eacute;tails.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The preface probably dates from the late ninth century;</span> La pr&eacute;face date probablement de la fin du IXe si&egrave;cle;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">the marginal note is on the F manuscript of the Chronicle, which is a Kentish version dating from about 1100.[12]</span> la note marginale est sur le manuscrit F de la Chronique, qui est une version kentish datant d'environ 1100 [12].</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ealhmund does not appear to have long survived in power: there is no record of his activities after 784. There is, however, extensive evidence of Offa's domination of Kent during the late 780s, with his goals apparently going beyond overlordship to outright annexation of the kingdom,[10] and he has been described as "the rival, not the overlord, of the Kentish kings".[13]</span> Ealhmund ne semble pas avoir surv&eacute;cu longtemps au pouvoir: il n'y a aucune trace de ses activit&eacute;s apr&egrave;s 784. Il existe cependant de nombreuses preuves de la domination d'Offa sur le Kent &agrave; la fin des ann&eacute;es 780, ses objectifs allant apparemment au-del&agrave; de la suzerainet&eacute; jusqu'&agrave; l'annexion pure et simple de la royaume, [10] et il a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;crit comme "le rival, pas le suzerain, des rois Kentish". [13]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is possible that the young Egbert fled to Wessex in 785 or so;</span> Il est possible que le jeune Egbert ait fui vers le Wessex en 785 environ;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">it is suggestive that the Chronicle mentions in a later entry that Beorhtric, Cynewulf's successor, helped Offa to exile Egbert.[10]</span> il est sugg&eacute;rant que la Chronique mentionne dans une entr&eacute;e ult&eacute;rieure que Beorhtric, le successeur de Cynewulf, a aid&eacute; Offa &agrave; exiler Egbert. [10]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Cynewulf was murdered in 786. Egbert may have contested the succession, but Offa successfully intervened in the ensuing power struggle on the side of Beorhtric.[12][14]</span> Cynewulf a &eacute;t&eacute; assassin&eacute; en 786. Egbert a peut-&ecirc;tre contest&eacute; la succession, mais Offa est intervenu avec succ&egrave;s dans la lutte de pouvoir qui a suivi du c&ocirc;t&eacute; de Beorhtric. [12] [14]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Egbert spent three years in Francia before he was king, exiled by Beorhtric and Offa.</span> La Chronique anglo-saxonne rapporte qu'Egbert a pass&eacute; trois ans en France avant d'&ecirc;tre roi, exil&eacute; par Beorhtric et Offa.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The text says "iii" for three, but this may have been a scribal error, with the correct reading being "xiii", that is, thirteen years.</span> Le texte dit "iii" pour trois, mais il peut s'agir d'une erreur scribale, la lecture correcte &eacute;tant "xiii", c'est-&agrave;-dire treize ans.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Beorhtric's reign lasted sixteen years, and not thirteen;</span> Le r&egrave;gne de Beorhtric a dur&eacute; seize ans et non treize;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">and all extant texts of the chronicle agree on "iii", but many modern accounts assume that Egbert did indeed spend thirteen years in Francia.</span> et tous les textes existants de la chronique s'accordent sur "iii", mais de nombreux r&eacute;cits modernes supposent qu'Egbert a effectivement pass&eacute; treize ans en France.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This requires assuming that the error in transcription is common to every manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle;</span> Cela n&eacute;cessite de supposer que l'erreur de transcription est commune &agrave; tous les manuscrits de la Chronique anglo-saxonne;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">many historians make this assumption but others have rejected it as unlikely, given the consistency of the sources.[15]</span> de nombreux historiens font cette hypoth&egrave;se, mais d'autres l'ont rejet&eacute;e comme peu probable, compte tenu de la coh&eacute;rence des sources. [15]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In either case Egbert was probably exiled in 789, when Beorhtric, his rival, married the daughter of Offa of Mercia.[16]</span> Dans les deux cas, Egbert a probablement &eacute;t&eacute; exil&eacute; en 789, lorsque Beorhtric, son rival, a &eacute;pous&eacute; la fille d'Offa de Mercie [16].</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At the time Egbert was in exile, Francia was ruled by Charlemagne, who maintained Frankish influence in Northumbria and is known to have supported Offa's enemies in the south.</span> Au moment o&ugrave; Egbert &eacute;tait en exil, Francia &eacute;tait dirig&eacute;e par Charlemagne, qui maintenait une influence franque en Northumbrie et est connue pour avoir soutenu les ennemis d'Offa dans le sud.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another exile in Gaul at this time was Odberht, a priest, who is almost certainly the same person as Eadberht, who later became king of Kent.</span> Un autre exil&eacute; en Gaule &agrave; cette &eacute;poque &eacute;tait Odberht, un pr&ecirc;tre, qui est presque certainement la m&ecirc;me personne qu'Eadberht, qui devint plus tard roi du Kent.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to a later chronicler, William of Malmesbury, Egbert learned the arts of government during his time in Gaul.[17]</span> Selon un chroniqueur ult&eacute;rieur, Guillaume de Malmesbury, Egbert a appris les arts du gouvernement pendant son s&eacute;jour en Gaule. [17]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">[edit] Early reignBeorhtric's dependency on Mercia continued into the reign of Cenwulf, who became king of Mercia a few months after Offa's death.[9]</span> [modifier] D&eacute;but du r&egrave;gneLa d&eacute;pendance de Beorhtric vis-&agrave;-vis de Mercie a continu&eacute; dans le r&egrave;gne de Cenwulf, qui est devenu le roi de Mercie quelques mois apr&egrave;s la mort d'Offa. [9]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Beorhtric died in 802, and Egbert came to the throne of Wessex, probably with the support of Charlemagne and perhaps also the papacy.[18]</span> Beorhtric est mort en 802, et Egbert est venu sur le tr&ocirc;ne du Wessex, probablement avec le soutien de Charlemagne et peut-&ecirc;tre aussi de la papaut&eacute;. [18]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Mercians continued to oppose Egbert: the day of his accession, the Hwicce (who had originally formed a separate kingdom, but by that time were part of Mercia) attacked, under the leadership of their ealdorman, &AElig;thelmund.</span> Les Mercians continu&egrave;rent de s'opposer &agrave; Egbert: le jour de son accession, les Hwicce (qui avaient &agrave; l'origine form&eacute; un royaume s&eacute;par&eacute;, mais faisaient alors partie de Mercia) attaqu&egrave;rent, sous la direction de leur ealdorman, &AElig;thelmund.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Weohstan, a Wessex ealdorman, met him with men from Wiltshire:[12] according to a 15th century source, Weohstan had married Alburga, Egbert's sister, and so was Egbert's brother-in-law.[19]</span> Weohstan, un ealdorman du Wessex, le rencontra avec des hommes du Wiltshire: [12] selon une source du XVe si&egrave;cle, Weohstan avait &eacute;pous&eacute; Alburga, la s&oelig;ur d'Egbert, tout comme le beau-fr&egrave;re d'Egbert [19].</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Hwicce were defeated, though Weohstan was killed as well as &AElig;thelmund.[12]</span> Les Hwicce ont &eacute;t&eacute; vaincus, bien que Weohstan ait &eacute;t&eacute; tu&eacute; ainsi que &AElig;thelmund. [12]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Nothing more is recorded of Egbert's relations with Mercia for more than twenty years after this battle.</span> Rien de plus n'est enregistr&eacute; sur les relations d'Egbert avec Mercia pendant plus de vingt ans apr&egrave;s cette bataille.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It seems likely that Egbert had no influence outside his own borders, but on the other hand there is no evidence that he ever submitted to the overlordship of Cenwulf.</span> Il semble probable qu'Egbert n'ait eu aucune influence en dehors de ses propres fronti&egrave;res, mais d'autre part il n'y a aucune preuve qu'il se soit jamais soumis &agrave; la suzerainet&eacute; de Cenwulf.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Cenwulf did have overlordship of the rest of southern England, but in Cenwulf's charters the title of "overlord of the southern English" never appears, presumably in consequence of the independence of the kingdom of Wessex.[20]</span> Cenwulf a eu la suzerainet&eacute; du reste du sud de l'Angleterre, mais dans les chartes de Cenwulf, le titre de &laquo;suzerain du sud de l'anglais&raquo; n'appara&icirc;t jamais, probablement en raison de l'ind&eacute;pendance du royaume du Wessex. [20]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 815 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Egbert ravaged the whole of the territories of the remaining British kingdom, Dumnonia, known to the author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the West Welsh;</span> En 815, la Chronique anglo-saxonne rapporte qu'Egbert a ravag&eacute; l'ensemble des territoires du royaume britannique restant, la Dumnonie, connu de l'auteur de la Chronique anglo-saxonne sous le nom de West Welsh;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">their territory was about equivalent to what is now Cornwall.[12][21]</span> leur territoire &eacute;tait &agrave; peu pr&egrave;s &eacute;quivalent &agrave; ce qui est maintenant Cornwall. [12] [21]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ten years later, a charter dated 19 August 825 indicates that Egbert was campaigning in Dumnonia again;</span> Dix ans plus tard, une charte du 19 ao&ucirc;t 825 indique qu'Egbert faisait de nouveau campagne en Dumnonie;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">this may have been related to a battle recorded in the Chronicle at Galford in 823, between the men of Devon and the Britons of Cornwall.[22]</span> cela peut &ecirc;tre li&eacute; &agrave; une bataille enregistr&eacute;e dans la Chronique de Galford en 823, entre les hommes du Devon et les Britanniques de Cornwall. [22]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">[edit] The battle of Ellendun</span> [modifier] La bataille d'Ellendun</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A map of England during Egbert's reign.It was also in 825 that one of the most important battles in Anglo-Saxon history took place, when Egbert defeated Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellendun&mdash;now Wroughton, near Swindon.</span> Une carte de l'Angleterre sous le r&egrave;gne d'Egbert.C'est &eacute;galement en 825 que l'une des batailles les plus importantes de l'histoire anglo-saxonne eut lieu, lorsque Egbert battit Beornwulf of Mercia &agrave; Ellendun - aujourd'hui Wroughton, pr&egrave;s de Swindon.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This battle marked the end of the Mercian domination of southern England.[23]</span> Cette bataille a marqu&eacute; la fin de la domination mercienne du sud de l'Angleterre. [23]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Chronicle tells how Egbert followed up his victory: "Then he sent his son &AElig;thelwulf from the army, and Ealhstan, his bishop, and Wulfheard, his ealdorman, to Kent with a great troop."</span> La Chronique raconte comment Egbert a suivi sa victoire: "Ensuite, il a envoy&eacute; son fils &AElig;thelwulf de l'arm&eacute;e, et Ealhstan, son &eacute;v&ecirc;que, et Wulfheard, son ealdorman, dans le Kent avec une grande troupe."</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">&AElig;thelwulf drove Baldred, the king of Kent, north over the Thames, and according to the Chronicle, the men of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex then all submitted to &AElig;thelwulf "because earlier they were wrongly forced away from his relatives."[12] This may refer to Offa's interventions in Kent at the time Egbert's father Ealhmund became king;</span> &AElig;thelwulf a conduit Baldred, le roi de Kent, au nord sur la Tamise, et selon le Chronicle, les hommes de Kent, Essex, Surrey et Sussex se sont alors tous soumis &agrave; &AElig;thelwulf "parce qu'auparavant, ils avaient &eacute;t&eacute; contraints &agrave; tort de fuir ses proches". [12 ] Cela peut se r&eacute;f&eacute;rer aux interventions d'Offa dans le Kent au moment o&ugrave; le p&egrave;re d'Egbert Ealhmund est devenu roi;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">if so, the chronicler's remark may also indicate Ealhmund had connections elsewhere in southeast England.[18]</span> si tel est le cas, la remarque du chroniqueur peut &eacute;galement indiquer qu'Ealhmund avait des relations ailleurs dans le sud-est de l'Angleterre [18].</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Chronicle's version of events makes it appear that Baldred was driven out shortly after the battle, but this was probably not the case.</span> La version des &eacute;v&eacute;nements de la Chronique donne &agrave; penser que Baldred a &eacute;t&eacute; chass&eacute; peu de temps apr&egrave;s la bataille, mais ce n'&eacute;tait probablement pas le cas.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A document from Kent survives which gives the date, March 826, as being in the third year of the reign of Beornwulf.</span> Il subsiste un document de Kent qui donne la date, mars 826, comme &eacute;tant la troisi&egrave;me ann&eacute;e du r&egrave;gne de Beornwulf.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This makes it likely that Beornwulf still had authority in Kent at this date, as Baldred's overlord;</span> Il est donc probable que Beornwulf avait encore autorit&eacute; dans le Kent &agrave; cette date, en tant que suzerain de Baldred;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">hence Baldred was apparently still in power.[22][24]</span> d'o&ugrave; Baldred &eacute;tait apparemment toujours au pouvoir. [22] [24]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Essex, Egbert expelled King Sigered, though the date is unknown.</span> Dans l'Essex, Egbert a expuls&eacute; le roi Sigered, bien que la date ne soit pas connue.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It may have been delayed until 829, since a later chronicler associates the expulsion with a campaign of Egbert's in that year against the Mercians.[22]</span> Il peut avoir &eacute;t&eacute; retard&eacute; jusqu'en 829, car un chroniqueur post&eacute;rieur associe l'expulsion &agrave; une campagne d'Egbert cette ann&eacute;e-l&agrave; contre les Mercians. [22]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who was the aggressor at Ellendun, but one recent history asserts that Beornwulf was almost certainly the one who attacked.</span> La Chronique anglo-saxonne ne dit pas qui &eacute;tait l'agresseur &agrave; Ellendun, mais une histoire r&eacute;cente affirme que Beornwulf &eacute;tait presque certainement celui qui a attaqu&eacute;.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to this view, Beornwulf may have taken advantage of the Wessex campaign in Dumnonia in the summer of 825. Beornwulf's motivation would have been the threat of unrest or instability in the southeast: the dynastic connections with Kent made Wessex a threat to Mercian dominance.[22]</span> Selon ce point de vue, Beornwulf aurait peut-&ecirc;tre profit&eacute; de la campagne du Wessex en Dumnonie &agrave; l'&eacute;t&eacute; 825. La motivation de Beornwulf aurait &eacute;t&eacute; la menace de troubles ou d'instabilit&eacute; dans le sud-est: les liens dynastiques avec Kent ont fait du Wessex une menace pour la domination mercienne. [22]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The consequences of Ellendun went beyond the immediate loss of Mercian power in the southeast.</span> Les cons&eacute;quences d'Ellendun vont au-del&agrave; de la perte imm&eacute;diate du pouvoir mercien dans le sud-est.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to the Chronicle, the East Anglians asked for Egbert's protection against the Mercians in the same year, 825, though it may actually have been in the following year that the request was made.</span> Selon le Chronicle, les East Anglians ont demand&eacute; la protection d'Egbert contre les Mercians la m&ecirc;me ann&eacute;e, 825, bien que ce soit en fait l'ann&eacute;e suivante que la demande ait &eacute;t&eacute; faite.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 826 Beornwulf invaded East Anglia, presumably to recover his overlordship.</span> En 826, Beornwulf envahit East Anglia, vraisemblablement pour r&eacute;cup&eacute;rer sa suzerainet&eacute;.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He was slain, however, as was his successor, Ludeca, who invaded East Anglia in 827, evidently for the same reason.</span> Il a &eacute;t&eacute; tu&eacute;, cependant, tout comme son successeur, Ludeca, qui a envahi East Anglia en 827, &eacute;videmment pour la m&ecirc;me raison.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It may be that the Mercians were hoping for support from Kent: there was some reason to suppose that Wulfred, the Archbishop of Canterbury, might be discontented with West Saxon rule, as Egbert had terminated Wulfred's currency and had begun to mint his own, at Rochester and Canterbury,[22] and it is known that Egbert seized property belonging to Canterbury.[25]</span> Il se peut que les Merciens esp&eacute;raient le soutien de Kent: il y avait une raison de supposer que Wulfred, l'archev&ecirc;que de Cantorb&eacute;ry, pourrait &ecirc;tre m&eacute;content de la r&egrave;gle de la Saxe occidentale, car Egbert avait mis fin &agrave; la monnaie de Wulfred et avait commenc&eacute; &agrave; frapper la sienne, &agrave; Rochester et Canterbury, [22] et on sait qu'Egbert a saisi des biens appartenant &agrave; Canterbury. [25]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The outcome in East Anglia was a disaster for the Mercians which confirmed West Saxon power in the southeast.[22]</span> Le r&eacute;sultat dans East Anglia fut un d&eacute;sastre pour les Mercians qui confirma la puissance de la Saxe occidentale dans le sud-est. [22]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">[edit] Defeat of Mercia</span> [modifier] D&eacute;faite de Mercia</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The entry for 827 in the [C] manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, listing the eight bretwaldas.In 829 Egbert invaded Mercia and drove Wiglaf, the king of Mercia, into exile.</span> L'entr&eacute;e pour 827 dans le manuscrit [C] de la Chronique anglo-saxonne, &eacute;num&eacute;rant les huit bretwaldas. En 829, Egbert a envahi Mercie et a conduit Wiglaf, le roi de Mercie, en exil.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This victory gave Egbert control of the London mint, and he issued coins as King of Mercia.[22]</span> Cette victoire a donn&eacute; &agrave; Egbert le contr&ocirc;le de la monnaie de Londres, et il a &eacute;mis des pi&egrave;ces en tant que roi de Mercie. [22]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It was after this victory that the West Saxon scribe described him as a bretwalda, meaning "wide-ruler" or "Britain-ruler", in a famous passage in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.</span> C'est apr&egrave;s cette victoire que le scribe ouest-saxon le d&eacute;crivit comme une bretwalda, signifiant "grand souverain" ou "souverain britannique", dans un passage c&eacute;l&egrave;bre de la Chronique anglo-saxonne.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The relevant part of the annal reads, in the [C] manuscript of the Chronicle:[26]</span> La partie pertinente de l'annale se lit, dans le manuscrit [C] de la Chronique: [26]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">7 &thorn;y geare geeode Ecgbriht cing Myrcna rice 7 eall &thorn;&aelig;t be su&thorn;an Humbre w&aelig;s, 7 he w&aelig;s eahta&thorn;a cing se &eth;e Bretenanwealda w&aelig;s.</span> 7 &thorn;y geare geeode Ecgbriht cing Myrcna rice 7 eall &thorn;&aelig;t be su&thorn;an Humbre w&aelig;s, 7 he w&aelig;s eahta&thorn;a cing se &eth;e Bretenanwealda w&aelig;s.</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In modern English:[27]</span> En anglais moderne: [27]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">And the same year King Egbert conquered the kingdom of Mercia, and all that was south of the Humber, and he was the eighth king who was 'Wide Ruler'.</span> Et la m&ecirc;me ann&eacute;e, le roi Egbert a conquis le royaume de Mercie, et tout ce qui &eacute;tait au sud du Humber, et il &eacute;tait le huiti&egrave;me roi qui &eacute;tait &laquo;Wide Ruler&raquo;.</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The previous seven bretwaldas are also named by the Chronicler, who gives the same seven names that Bede lists as holding imperium, starting with &AElig;lle of Sussex and ending with Oswiu of Northumbria.</span> Les sept bretwaldas pr&eacute;c&eacute;dents sont &eacute;galement nomm&eacute;s par le Chroniqueur, qui donne les m&ecirc;mes sept noms que Bede &eacute;num&egrave;re comme tenant de l'imperium, commen&ccedil;ant par &AElig;lle de Sussex et se terminant par Oswiu de Northumbria.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The list is often thought to be incomplete, omitting as it does some dominant Mercian kings such as Penda and Offa.</span> La liste est souvent consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme incompl&egrave;te, omettant comme elle le fait certains rois merciens dominants tels que Penda et Offa.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The exact meaning of the title has been much debated;</span> La signification exacte du titre a &eacute;t&eacute; largement d&eacute;battue;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">it has been described as "a term of encomiastic poetry"[28] but there is also evidence that it implied a definite role of military leadership.[29]</span> il a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;crit comme "un terme de po&eacute;sie encomiastique" [28] mais il existe &eacute;galement des preuves qu'il impliquait un r&ocirc;le pr&eacute;cis de direction militaire. [29]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Later in 829, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Egbert received the submission of the Northumbrians at Dore (now a suburb of Sheffield);</span> Plus tard en 829, selon la Chronique anglo-saxonne, Egbert a re&ccedil;u la soumission des Northumbrians &agrave; Dore (maintenant une banlieue de Sheffield);</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">the Northumbrian king was probably Eanred.[30]</span> le roi de Northumbrie &eacute;tait probablement Eanred. [30]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to a later chronicler, Roger of Wendover, Egbert invaded Northumbria and plundered it before Eanred submitted: "When Egbert had obtained all the southern kingdoms, he led a large army into Northumbria, and laid waste that province with severe pillaging, and made King Eanred pay tribute."</span> Selon un chroniqueur ult&eacute;rieur, Roger de Wendover, Egbert a envahi la Northumbrie et l'a pill&eacute; avant que Eanred ne soumette: "Quand Egbert a obtenu tous les royaumes du sud, il a dirig&eacute; une grande arm&eacute;e en Northumbrie, et a ravag&eacute; cette province avec un pillage s&eacute;v&egrave;re, et a fait roi Eanred rend hommage. "</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Roger of Wendover is known to have incorporated Northumbrian annals into his version;</span> Roger de Wendover est connu pour avoir incorpor&eacute; des annales de Northumbrie dans sa version;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">the Chronicle does not mention these events.[31]</span> la Chronique ne mentionne pas ces &eacute;v&eacute;nements. [31]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, the nature of Eanred's submission has been questioned: one historian has suggested that it is more likely that the meeting at Dore represented a mutual recognition of sovereignty.[32]</span> Cependant, la nature de la communication d'Eanred a &eacute;t&eacute; remise en question: un historien a laiss&eacute; entendre qu'il &eacute;tait plus probable que la r&eacute;union de Dore repr&eacute;sentait une reconnaissance mutuelle de la souverainet&eacute;. [32]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 830 Egbert led a successful expedition against the Welsh, almost certainly with the intent of extending West Saxon influence into the Welsh lands previously within the Mercian orbit.</span> En 830, Egbert a men&eacute; une exp&eacute;dition r&eacute;ussie contre les Gallois, presque certainement avec l'intention d'&eacute;tendre l'influence de la Saxe Occidentale dans les terres galloises auparavant dans l'orbite mercienne.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This marked the high point of Egbert's influence.[22]</span> Cela a marqu&eacute; le point culminant de l'influence d'Egbert. [22]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">[edit] Reduction in influence after 829In 830, Mercia regained its independence under Wiglaf&mdash;the Chronicle merely says that Wiglaf "obtained the kingdom of Mercia again",[12] but the most likely explanation is that this was the result of a Mercian rebellion against Wessex rule.[33]</span> [modifier] R&eacute;duction de l'influence apr&egrave;s 829En 830, Mercie a retrouv&eacute; son ind&eacute;pendance sous Wiglaf - la Chronique dit simplement que Wiglaf "a de nouveau obtenu le royaume de Mercie", [12] mais l'explication la plus probable est que c'&eacute;tait le r&eacute;sultat d'une r&eacute;bellion mercienne contre la r&egrave;gle du Wessex. [33]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Egbert's dominion over southern England came to an end with Wiglaf's recovery of power.</span> La domination d'Egbert sur le sud de l'Angleterre a pris fin avec la reprise de pouvoir de Wiglaf.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Wiglaf's return is followed by evidence of his independence from Wessex.</span> Le retour de Wiglaf est suivi de preuves de son ind&eacute;pendance vis-&agrave;-vis du Wessex.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Charters indicate Wiglaf had authority in Middlesex and Berkshire, and in a charter of 836 Wiglaf uses the phrase "my bishops, duces, and magistrates" to describe a group that included eleven bishops from the episcopate of Canterbury, including bishops of sees in West Saxon territory.[34]</span> Les chartes indiquent que Wiglaf avait autorit&eacute; dans le Middlesex et le Berkshire, et dans une charte de 836, Wiglaf utilise l'expression &laquo;mes &eacute;v&ecirc;ques, mes duces et magistrats&raquo; pour d&eacute;crire un groupe qui comprenait onze &eacute;v&ecirc;ques de l'&eacute;piscopat de Cantorb&eacute;ry, y compris des &eacute;v&ecirc;ques de si&egrave;ge en Saxe occidentale territoire. [34]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is significant that Wiglaf was still able to call together such a group of notables;</span> Il est significatif que Wiglaf ait pu encore r&eacute;unir un tel groupe de notables;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">the West Saxons, even if they were able to do so, held no such councils.[25][35]</span> les Saxons de l'Ouest, m&ecirc;me s'ils en &eacute;taient capables, ne tenaient pas de tels conseils. [25] [35]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Wiglaf may also have brought Essex back into the Mercian orbit during the years after he recovered the throne.[22][36]</span> Wiglaf a peut-&ecirc;tre aussi ramen&eacute; Essex sur l'orbite mercienne au cours des ann&eacute;es apr&egrave;s avoir r&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; le tr&ocirc;ne. [22] [36]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In East Anglia, King &AElig;thelstan minted coins, possibly as early as 827, but more likely c.</span> Dans East Anglia, le roi elthelstan a frapp&eacute; des pi&egrave;ces, peut-&ecirc;tre d&egrave;s 827, mais plus probablement c.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">830 after Egbert's influence was reduced with Wiglaf's return to power in Mercia.</span> 830 apr&egrave;s que l'influence d'Egbert a &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;duite avec le retour de Wiglaf au pouvoir &agrave; Mercie.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This demonstration of independence on East Anglia's part is not surprising, as it was &AElig;thelstan who was probably responsible for the defeat and death of both Beornwulf and Ludeca.[22]</span> Cette d&eacute;monstration d'ind&eacute;pendance de la part d'East Anglia n'est pas surprenante, car c'est &AElig;thelstan qui &eacute;tait probablement responsable de la d&eacute;faite et de la mort de Beornwulf et de Ludeca. [22]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Both Wessex's sudden rise to power in the late 820s, and the subsequent failure to retain this dominant position, have been examined by historians looking for underlying causes.</span> La mont&eacute;e soudaine du pouvoir du Wessex &agrave; la fin des ann&eacute;es 820 et l'&eacute;chec subs&eacute;quent de conserver cette position dominante ont &eacute;t&eacute; examin&eacute;s par les historiens &agrave; la recherche de causes sous-jacentes.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One plausible explanation for the events of these years is that Wessex's fortunes were to some degree dependent on Carolingian support.</span> Une explication plausible des &eacute;v&eacute;nements de ces ann&eacute;es est que la fortune du Wessex d&eacute;pendait dans une certaine mesure du soutien carolingien.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Franks supported Eardwulf when he recovered the throne of Northumbria in 808, so it is plausible that they also supported Egbert's accession in 802. At Easter 839, not long before Egbert's death, he was in touch with Louis the Pious, king of the Franks, to arrange safe passage to Rome.</span> Les Francs ont soutenu Eardwulf lorsqu'il a r&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; le tr&ocirc;ne de Northumbria en 808, il est donc plausible qu'ils aient &eacute;galement soutenu l'adh&eacute;sion d'Egbert en 802. &Agrave; P&acirc;ques 839, peu de temps avant la mort d'Egbert, il &eacute;tait en contact avec Louis le Pieux, roi des Francs , pour organiser un passage s&ucirc;r &agrave; Rome.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Hence a continuing relationship with the Franks seems to be part of southern English politics during the first half of the ninth century.[22]</span> Par cons&eacute;quent, une relation continue avec les Francs semble faire partie de la politique du sud de l'Angleterre au cours de la premi&egrave;re moiti&eacute; du IXe si&egrave;cle [22].</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Carolingian support may have been one of the factors that helped Egbert achieve the military successes of the late 820s.</span> Le soutien carolingien a peut-&ecirc;tre &eacute;t&eacute; l'un des facteurs qui ont aid&eacute; Egbert &agrave; remporter les succ&egrave;s militaires de la fin des ann&eacute;es 820.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, the Rhenish and Frankish commercial networks collapsed at some time in the 820s or 830s, and in addition, a rebellion broke out in February 830 against Louis the Pious&mdash;the first of a series of internal conflicts that lasted through the 830s and beyond.</span> Cependant, les r&eacute;seaux commerciaux rh&eacute;nans et franques se sont effondr&eacute;s &agrave; un moment donn&eacute; dans les ann&eacute;es 820 ou 830 et, en outre, une r&eacute;bellion a &eacute;clat&eacute; en f&eacute;vrier 830 contre Louis le Pieux - le premier d'une s&eacute;rie de conflits internes qui ont dur&eacute; dans les ann&eacute;es 830 et au-del&agrave;.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These distractions may have prevented Louis from supporting Egbert.</span> Ces distractions peuvent avoir emp&ecirc;ch&eacute; Louis de soutenir Egbert.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In this view, the withdrawal of Frankish influence would have left East Anglia, Mercia and Wessex to find a balance of power not dependent on outside aid.[22]</span> Dans cette optique, le retrait de l'influence franque aurait laiss&eacute; East Anglia, Mercia et Wessex trouver un &eacute;quilibre des pouvoirs ne d&eacute;pendant d'aucune aide ext&eacute;rieure. [22]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Despite the loss of dominance, Egbert's military successes fundamentally changed the political landscape of Anglo-Saxon England.</span> Malgr&eacute; la perte de domination, les succ&egrave;s militaires d'Egbert ont fondamentalement chang&eacute; le paysage politique de l'Angleterre anglo-saxonne.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Wessex retained control of the south-eastern kingdoms, with the possible exception of Essex, and Mercia did not regain control of East Anglia.[22]</span> Le Wessex a conserv&eacute; le contr&ocirc;le des royaumes du sud-est, &agrave; l'exception peut-&ecirc;tre d'Essex, et Mercia n'a pas repris le contr&ocirc;le d'East Anglia. [22]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Egbert's victories marked the end of the independent existence of the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex.</span> Les victoires d'Egbert ont marqu&eacute; la fin de l'existence ind&eacute;pendante des royaumes du Kent et du Sussex.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The conquered territories were administered as a subkingdom for a while, including Surrey and possibly Essex.[37]</span> Les territoires conquis ont &eacute;t&eacute; administr&eacute;s comme un sous-royaume pendant un certain temps, y compris Surrey et peut-&ecirc;tre Essex. [37]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although &AElig;thelwulf was a subking under Egbert, it is clear that he maintained his own royal household, with which he travelled around his kingdom.</span> Bien que elthelwulf &eacute;tait un subking sous Egbert, il est clair qu'il a maintenu sa propre maison royale, avec laquelle il a voyag&eacute; dans son royaume.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Charters issued in Kent described Egbert and &AElig;thelwulf as "kings of the West Saxons and also of the people of Kent."</span> Les chartes &eacute;mises dans le Kent d&eacute;crivaient Egbert et &AElig;thelwulf comme "les rois des Saxons occidentaux et aussi du peuple du Kent".</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When &AElig;thelwulf died in 858 his will, in which Wessex is left to one son and the southeastern kingdom to another, makes it clear that it was not until after 858 that the kingdoms were fully integrated.[38]</span> Quand &AElig;thelwulf est mort en 858, sa volont&eacute;, dans laquelle le Wessex est laiss&eacute; &agrave; un fils et le royaume du sud-est &agrave; un autre, indique clairement que ce n'est qu'apr&egrave;s 858 que les royaumes ont &eacute;t&eacute; pleinement int&eacute;gr&eacute;s [38].</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mercia remained a threat, however;</span> Mercia restait cependant une menace;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Egbert's son &AElig;thelwulf, established as king of Kent, gave estates to Christ Church, Canterbury, probably in order to counter any influence the Mercians might still have there.[22]</span> Le fils d'Egbert &AElig;thelwulf, &eacute;tabli comme roi de Kent, a donn&eacute; des domaines &agrave; Christ Church, Canterbury, probablement afin de contrer toute influence que les Merciens pourraient encore y avoir. [22]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the southwest, Egbert was defeated in 836 at Carhampton by the Danes,[12] but in 838 he won a battle against them and their allies the West Welsh at Hingston Down in Cornwall.</span> Dans le sud-ouest, Egbert a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;fait en 836 &agrave; Carhampton par les Danois, [12] mais en 838 il a gagn&eacute; une bataille contre eux et leurs alli&eacute;s les Gallois occidentaux &agrave; Hingston Down &agrave; Cornwall.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Dumnonian royal line continued after this time, but it is at this date that the independence of the last British kingdom may be considered to have ended.[22]</span> La ligne royale dumnonienne a continu&eacute; apr&egrave;s cette p&eacute;riode, mais c'est &agrave; cette date que l'ind&eacute;pendance du dernier royaume britannique peut &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme termin&eacute;e. [22]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The details of Anglo-Saxon expansion into Cornwall are quite poorly recorded, but some evidence comes from place names.[39]</span> Les d&eacute;tails de l'expansion anglo-saxonne &agrave; Cornwall sont assez mal enregistr&eacute;s, mais certaines preuves proviennent de noms de lieux. [39]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The river Ottery, which flows east into the Tamar near Launceston, appears to be a boundary: south of the Ottery the placenames are overwhelmingly Cornish, whereas to the north they are more heavily influenced by the English newcomers.[40]</span> La rivi&egrave;re Ottery, qui se jette &agrave; l'est dans le Tamar pr&egrave;s de Launceston, semble &ecirc;tre une fronti&egrave;re: au sud de l'Ottery, les noms de lieux sont majoritairement cornouaillais, tandis qu'au nord, ils sont plus fortement influenc&eacute;s par les nouveaux arrivants anglais [40].</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">[edit] Succession</span> [modifier] Succession</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mortuary chest in Winchester Cathedral that purports to contain Egbert's bones.At a council at Kingston-upon-Thames in 838, Egbert and &AElig;thelwulf granted land to the sees of Winchester and Canterbury in return for the promise of support for &AElig;thelwulf's claim to the throne.[25][34][41]</span> Coffre mortuaire dans la cath&eacute;drale de Winchester qui pr&eacute;tend contenir les ossements d'Egbert Lors d'un conseil &agrave; Kingston-upon-Thames en 838, Egbert et &AElig;thelwulf ont accord&eacute; des terres aux si&egrave;ges de Winchester et Canterbury en &eacute;change de la promesse de soutien &agrave; la revendication d'&AElig;thelwulf sur le tr&ocirc;ne. [25] [34] [41]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The archbishop of Canterbury, Ceolnoth, also accepted Egbert and &AElig;thelwulf as the lords and protectors of the monasteries under Ceolnoth's control.</span> L'archev&ecirc;que de Canterbury, Ceolnoth, a &eacute;galement accept&eacute; Egbert et &AElig;thelwulf comme les seigneurs et les protecteurs des monast&egrave;res sous le contr&ocirc;le de Ceolnoth.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These agreements, along with a later charter in which &AElig;thelwulf confirmed church privileges, suggest that the church had recognized that Wessex was a new political power that must be dealt with.[22]</span> Ces accords, ainsi qu'une charte ult&eacute;rieure dans laquelle &AElig;thelwulf a confirm&eacute; les privil&egrave;ges de l'&eacute;glise, sugg&egrave;rent que l'&eacute;glise avait reconnu que le Wessex &eacute;tait un nouveau pouvoir politique qui devait &ecirc;tre trait&eacute;. [22]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Churchmen consecrated the king at coronation ceremonies, and helped to write the wills which specified the king's heir;</span> Les hommes d'&Eacute;glise consacraient le roi aux c&eacute;r&eacute;monies de couronnement et aidaient &agrave; r&eacute;diger les testaments qui pr&eacute;cisaient l'h&eacute;ritier du roi;</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">their support had real value in establishing West Saxon control and a smooth succession for Egbert's line.[42]</span> leur soutien avait une r&eacute;elle valeur dans l'&eacute;tablissement du contr&ocirc;le de la Saxe occidentale et une succession en douceur pour la ligne d'Egbert. [42]</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Both the record of the Council of Kingston, and another charter of that year, include the identical phrasing: that a condition of the grant is that "we ourselves and our heirs shall always hereafter have firm and unshakable friendships from Archbishop Ceolnoth and his congregation at Christ Church."[41][43][44]</span> Le dossier du Conseil de Kingston et une autre charte de cette ann&eacute;e contiennent tous deux la m&ecirc;me formulation: une condition de la subvention est que &laquo;nous-m&ecirc;mes et nos h&eacute;ritiers aurons toujours ci-apr&egrave;s des amiti&eacute;s solides et in&eacute;branlables de l'archev&ecirc;que Ceolnoth et de sa congr&eacute;gation &agrave; Christ Church. "[41] [43] [44]</span></p>
<p class="FhDat2">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="FhDat2"><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although nothing is known of any other claimants to the throne, it is likely that there were other surviving descendants of Cerdic (the supposed progenitor of all the kings of Wessex) who might have contended for the kingdom.</span> Bien que l'on ne sache rien des autres pr&eacute;tendants au tr&ocirc;ne, il est probable qu'il y avait d'autres descendants survivants de Cerdic (l'anc&ecirc;tre suppos&eacute; de tous les rois de Wessex) qui auraient pu se battre pour le royaume.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Egbert died in 839, and his will, according to the account of it found in the will of his grandson, Alfred the Great, left land only to male members of his family, so that the estates should not be lost to the royal house through marriage.</span> Egbert est d&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute; en 839, et son testament, selon le r&eacute;cit trouv&eacute; dans le testament de son petit-fils, Alfred le Grand, n'a laiss&eacute; des terres qu'aux membres masculins de sa famille, afin que les domaines ne soient pas perdus pour la maison royale par mariage.</span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text […]

Voir dans l'arbre